Dryopteris filix-mas - Male fern

Description and Uses

Dryopteris filix-mas (Male fern) is a temperate fern from North West Europe . It is mainly grown for its conservation crops , which have a medium shelf life. The crop is harvested by grubbing. It starts flowering after 0 - 0 years. The yield will be 0.1, but in its top season there will be a yield of 0.5. Other crop types include; edible leave shoot, ornamental, edible roots, . The {missing data} is used as minor food . The root is used as " {missing data} " with flavaspidic acid (? - ?) as its significant phytochemical. There is {missing data} extracted by {missing data} from the fern's {missing data} yielding 0 - {missing data} oil. The fern's wood is called {missing data} and has a density of 0 - 0 kg/m³. Regarding firewood production the fern's growing speed is medium, it's energetic value is 0 ckal/kg and the wood's drying speed is slow. After 2 years the fern can be totally removed as it reached its commercial and ecological goal. Dryopteris filix-mas has a lifespan of 10 years.

Environmental limitations

The fern is 1 meters tall with a crown of 1 meters wide. The fern prefers a planting distance of 50 cm and a row distance of 50 cm. It is fast growing and shade tolerant. Dryopteris filix-mas has a shallow root-system and it has symbiotic associations with the fungi (endo and ecto mycorrhiza). It is not able to fix nitrogen with "any bacteria. The name(s) or string of bacteria include(s) "not applicable ". The fern's flower-morphology is spores and is pollinated by unknown. Dryopteris filix-mas is deciduous in winter and not allelopathic and has no thorns.

Dryopteris filix-mas thrives in an altitude of 0 to 1200 meters above sea-level (temperate). The minimum temperature is -30°C; optimally between 13 - 24°C. The optimal rainfall is 2250 mm/year. Without irrigation the annual rainfall should be between 750 - 3000mm (L/m²). The optimal soil-pH is between 6.0 - 8.0 in a soil texture of sand. To salt it is intolerant to wind intolerant and to fire intolerant.

Pests and Diseases

Dryopteris filix-mas is susceptible to the following pests: . And it's susceptible to the following diseases: (missing data) , , .

Seed Propagation

Seeds are recalcitrant and can be stored for 24 months. There are approximative 40000 seeds/kg. The seeds can be propagated as followed: {missing data}